Правило употребления запятой в английском

В разговорной речи для придания смыслового акцента мы делаем паузы или меняем тон голоса. Что касается письма, то здесь для акцентирования внимания читателя применяются средства пунктуации. Из этой статьи вы узнаете, как нужно правильно использовать запятые в английском языке.

Прежде всего, запомните разницу между типами предложений в английском языке:

Независимое предложение — это полное самостоятельное предложение, содержащее хотя бы одно подлежащее и сказуемое.

Зависимое предложение — неполное предложение с подлежащим и сказуемым, которое не может существовать само по себе.

В английской грамматике запятая служит для объединения двух независимых предложений и управления союзами (so, and, but, or, nor, for):

Studying English may seem hard, but it is pretty fascinating. — Изучение английского может показаться сложным, но занятие это довольно увлекательно.

I have repaired my car yesterday, so we definitely will use it for our journey soon. — Вчера я починил свою машину, поэтому мы наверняка ею скоро воспользуемся, чтобы попутешествовать.

После вводной фразы, предложной фразы или зависимого предложения также следует ставить запятую:

To win the competition, Tom must train hard day and night. — Чтобы победить в соревновании, Том должен тренироваться день и ночь.

Because my sister felt sick yesterday, we missed the last performance in the circus. — Вчера моя сестра неважно себя чувствовала, и поэтому мы пропустили последнее представление в цирке.

After the entrance examinations, the entrants were quite exhausted and went home. — После вступительных экзаменов поступающие чувствовали себя очень уставшими и отправились по домам.

Запятая используется для отделения последовательных равнозначных элементов. Несмотря на то, что в английской грамматике нет четко установленного правила обособления последнего элемента в серии, обычно он все же отделяется запятой:

During his youth, Tom used to play football, tennis, cricket, and chess. — В молодости Том играл в футбол, теннис, крикет и шахматы.

Используйте запятую, чтобы отделить второстепенные фрагменты в предложении, которые не являются ключевыми в понимании смысла всего предложения. Например:

My uncle’s car, a white Peugeot, should be repaired immediately. — Машина моего дядюшки, белое «Пежо», нужно немедленно починить.

When Mary failed to cook dinner herself, she ordered three wonderful big pizzas and nicely served big table in the dining room. — Когда у Мэри не получилось приготовить ужин самостоятельно, она заказала три превосходных больших пиццы и изящно сервировала большой стол в столовой.

Следующие элементы предложений также следует обособлять запятыми: in addition, in other words, finally, however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion. Примеры:

Thus, the alpinist team finally reached the highest peak of the chain. — Таким образом, группа альпинистов, наконец, достигла самого высокого пика хребта.

Of course, Jane hoped to pass that hard exam at the first attempt. — Конечно, Джейн надеялась сдать этот трудный экзамен с первой попытки.

В датах запятая используется следующим образом:

June 25, 1981

Sunday, December 1, 2013

25 June 1981

Перечисляя названия города и штата, следует отделять их запятой:

Los-Angeles, California

Detroit, Michigan

Названия личного характера также обособляются запятыми:

Frank Johnson, Senior Marketing Advisor, presented an overall and detailed report to the audience. — Фрэнк Джонсон, старший консультант по маркетингу, представил собравшимся полный и подробный отчет.

Следует избегать так называемого «склеивания запятой» (объединение запятой двух независимых предложений). В таких случаях лучше использовать точку, точку с запятой или сочинительный союз.

задвние на 16 мая

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about your free time. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

whether you have a lot of free time, and why, or why not
what you enjoy doing in your free time
what your Sunday afternoons are like

Task 3. You are going to give a talk about animals. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and speak for not more than 2 minutes (10-12 sentences).

Remember to say:

what wild animals live in your region
why people build zoos in the cities and towns
whether it is a good idea to keep a wild animal as a pet, and why

You have to talk continuously.

Robbie's dog Roxy was smart. At least Robbie _________THINK_________ so. Robbie had found him on a street. The puppy looked cold and unhappy. Robbie took the puppy home and fortunately his mum _________NOT/MIND_________ it. One day Robbie saw the ‘Dogs' contest’ advert. According to it, all dogs that were able to perform tricks could participate.
"I wish Roxy ________KNOW__________ some tricks”, Robbie thought. “But Roxy can’t perform any.”
He decided to take Roxy to the contest anyway, not as a participant but as a viewer. There _________BE_________ lots dogs on the contest ground. The collars of some dogs ________DECORATE__________ with medals. The contest started, and the judge threw a ball. Roxy suddenly pulled away from Robbie and began running fast. He was the _________ONE_________ dog to catch the ball and he didn’t forget to bring it back to the judge!
“The winner is the dog with no entry name on my list. Whose dog is this?” asked the judge.
“It’s _________I_________ dog." said Robbie. The judge handed Robbie a small symbolic medal and a certificate for free dog food.
“Congratulations! You ________WIN__________!” said Robbie to Roxy and gave him a big hug.
“Let’s go home and celebrate. Mum will be surprised when she ________LEARN__________ the news.”

4.
Most people love jokes. A good joke can break the ice and make the conversation enjoyable. My friend’s hobby is collecting jokes. When he _________HEAR_________ a good joke, he writes it down on a special card. The cards _________KEEP_________ in a box in his room. When I visit _________HE_________, I never miss a chance to read a joke from his collection. Yesterday’s joke was about famous detectives. Here it is.
One day Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson went camping. They put up a tent, made a fire and had a good dinner of meat and _________POTATO_________. That night, Holmes _________WAKE_________ up and asked: "Watson, look up and tell me what you see." Watson said that he __________SEE________ millions of stars. "And what does it tell you?" Holmes went on his interrogation.
"Well, if we apply our deductive method, we’ll come to several conclusions. Astronomically, there are billions of planets. My ________TWO__________ conclusion is astrological – I observe Saturn in Leo. And, meteorologically, it’ll be a beautiful day tomorrow. I wish we _________HAVE_________ this kind of weather more often in this country. And what does the sky tell you, Holmes?"
Holmes was silent for a moment and then said, "Someone _________STEAL_________ our tent!"

5.
TIME is a weekly magazine published in New York. In 2010 the magazine ____CHOOSE____ Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg as Person of the Year. Everything began in February 2004, when Zuckerberg was still a student at Harvard. He made an online platform to connect college students. It helped ____THEY_____ to learn and socialise. Soon, other _____UNIVERSITY____ joined Facebook and then it became popular with a much wider audience. Today Facebook _____USE_____ by over a billion people. They play games, find friends, learn the news, and share photos there. Not everyone, however, _____THINK____ Facebook is a good thing. My _____GOOD_____ friend, Nicky, believes that I spend too much time online, on social networks. “I wish you ____SPEND____ more time with your real friends,” he keeps saying. Last Saturday when Nicky came to my place to discuss a school problem, I ____CHAT____ online. He waited for a while but then left without saying a word. And he ____NOT/CALL_____ since then. I feel I’ll probably have to change my habits if I want to have real friends, not only virtual ones.

задание на 15 мая

1.	Who supports the runners?
2.	How it started
3.	How to be sure of the winners
4.	What to wear for a marathon

5.	What it is like to run a marathon
6.	How to get ready for a marathon
7.	Who runs just for fun?
8.	Can the landscape help?

Many cities in the United States hold marathons. The city of Chicago, Illinois, has its marathon once a year. The running area in Chicago is almost absolutely flat. The scenery is amazingly beautiful. This fact has helped some runners set some of the world’s fastest times there. Many of them hope to go back again.

Some people know that they have no chance of winning but they participate anyway. They are not officially registered for the race - they just start running with the crowd. These runners are called “bandits.” Many of them finish the race hours after the serious runners but they are happy to cross the finish line anyway.

An important battle took place in Marathon in Greece more than two thousand years ago. Greece’s army won the battle. A Greek runner was sent to Athens to announce the victory. The man ran for about 40 km at top speed. He announced his message. Then he fell to the ground and died. In memory of the great runner a marathon was included in the Olympic Games.

Recently, a British writer and journalist, Mario Roter, ran in a marathon. He thought it would be fun to write an article about what people felt during the race. Later he said that running forty-two kilometers was no fun. Many people agree that there is no pleasure in running a marathon, but afterwards it feels great to know that you have done it.

People usually start training for a marathon in early spring. They run often and gradually increase the length of their runs from eight to twelve and even to twenty kilometers. At this point it is necessary to build up the needed strength. In the months before the race, the average participant runs a total of more than eight hundred kilometers.

Usually there are lots of runners. The line of people stretches back hundreds of meters. As the winners are awarded prize money it is important to avoid cheating. In order to track all the participants, special chips are used. When the participants register for the marathon, they get their identification number and computer chips. The chips are activated at the start of the race and keep time.

A marathon is usually a big public event. In the city where the marathon is held hundreds of people give their time and effort to make the race possible. The city police block traffic on the main roads. Some runners thank the officers as they run by. Every few kilometers there are volunteers who offer water to the runners. Lots of people cheer.

Anne Frank

Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who became famous after her death when her wartime diary was published.

Anne was born on June 12th, 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany to Otto Frank and Edith Frank. Anne was the youngest of two sisters. When the Nazis gained control of Germany and the danger to Jewish people increased, her family emigrated to the Netherlands. Anne was four at that time.

On May 10th, 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, German armies invaded the Netherlands. The danger was getting very close to the Jewish family. Soon Anne's older sister, Margot, got a note from the new authorities. She had to go to a German work camp. However, Margot did not obey. Instead, the Franks went to a secret hiding place which they had prepared beforehand.

They hid in a small annex, an extra building added to a house. Later Anne called it the Secret Annex. Together with the Franks, there were eight people in the Secret Annex. The entrance to the annex was hidden behind a moveable bookcase. While hiding, the Franks could not go outside. They had to stay quiet so that the neighbours did not guess that there was anybody in the annex. The Franks lived in constant fear of what would happen if they were discovered.

Anne started writing her diary on her thirteenth birthday. The diary would later be published as The Diary of Anne Frank. In her diary, Anne wrote about her thoughts, and about her life in the Secret Annex. Most of her diary was written in the form of letters to a person named Kitty. Anne also wrote short stories and collected quotes from other writers in her notebook. The girl had dreams of becoming a journalist or a writer.

The Franks spent 2 years in the Secret Annex. When Anne was 15 years old, the Secret Annex where they had been hiding was discovered. It is believed that someone betrayed them. On 4^th August 1944, all those in the Secret Annex were arrested.

They were sent to Auschwitz, a concentration camp. It was a death camp. Anne was sent to the same barracks as her sister and her mother. Their father, Otto, was separated from his family, and never saw his daughters or his wife again. Anne and her sister survived several months in difficult conditions, working hard.

Later, Anne and her sister were sent to another concentration camp. Anne died there in March, 1945. She was only 15 years old. It is believed that she died of typhoid.

All the inhabitants of the Secret Annex, except Otto Frank, died in the concentration camps. He returned to Amsterdam and found the diary of his daughter. Two years later, in 1947, he published Anne's diary.

The book, The Diary of Anne Frank, impressed people a lot. There have been more than 30 million copies sold. It was translated into 67 languages and it was adapted for both the theatre and the cinema.

The address where Anne Frank and her family hid was Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Now there is a museum (the Anne Frank House) where people can see the actual house she lived in while in hiding. Approximately one million people visit the Anne Frank House each year.

An11.Anne was older than her sister, Margot.

True

False

Not stated

The Secret Annex was not far from the house where the Franks lived in Amsterdam.

True

False

Not stated

The Frank family shared their hiding place with other people.

True

False

Not stated

Kitty was Anne’s cousin.

True

False

Not stated

Anne Frank wanted to become an actress.

True

False

Not stated

All the people who were hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested by the Nazis.

True

False

Not stated

After the war, the book The Diary of Anne Frank was published in different languages.

True

False

Not stated

The Anne Frank House museum is located in Germany.

1.
Tom woke up relatively early. But he ____UNDERSTAND____ at once that he was not the first awake. There was somebody in the kitchen already. Tom went out to inspect, and found that his dad was there – he ______CUT_____ vegetables. It was rather strange – everyone knew that dad ____NOT/LIKE_____ cooking. “I wish I ____KNOW____ what you are doing,” he said. Dad gave ______HE____ a smile and answered “Wait and see.” He pulled out a juicing machine from the cupboard. Nobody had used it for ages and the machine ____COVER____ with a thin layer of dust. Tom’s dad washed it and turned it on. Then he put a handful of carrots inside. Next he added cucumbers and ___TOMATO____. Dad made three large cups of the stuff. He took one and drank it. He handed the ___TWO____ cup to Tom. To his surprise the juice tasted really good. “You don’t eat enough vegetables,” his dad said. “If you don’t like eating them, you’ll probably like drinking them.” Tom nodded. It was definitely _____GOOD____ than the stewed vegetables his mum cooked almost every day.

2.

The camel was very thirsty. His last drink had been weeks ago. His feet sank in the hot sand and he _________CAN_________ hardly move. "When will I reach water?" he thought. "And I _________NOT/EAT_________ for ages." It was obvious that if the camel didn’t find any water and food soon, he _________DIE_________. He made a few steps toward another dune. It was ________EASY__________ to walk along the top of a hill, than along the bottom. At last he _________SEE_________ something green in the distance. Was it a mirage or an oasis? He hoped for the best and the hope helped _________HE_________ move faster. Soon, that distant green colour turned into real trees and grass. There _________BE_________ a small stream of water and some palm trees that gave shade. Their wide _________LEAF_________ could protect the camel from the sun's rays. Though the sun __________SHINE________, it didn’t burn anymore. Unfortunately, it was impossible to stay there forever. A short rest and the camel had to move on towards his destination.

задание на 14 мая

Give a talk about your school. (9–10 sentences) Remember to say:

1) what your school is like;

2) things you like most about your school;

3) things what you would like to change in your school.

Give a talk about books. (9–10 sentences)

Remember to say:

1) why people read books nowadays;

2) what kinds of books are popular with Russian teenagers;

3) what book is your favourite and why.

1. Local legends 5. Protection of the ecosystem

2. Special in many ways 6. Extinct species

3. Tourist аttraction 7. Scientific expeditions

4. Diverse wildlife 8. Harsh climate

A. The world’s deepest lake, Baikal, is in Siberia. It is also the largest freshwater lake in Eurasia and the oldest lake on Earth. At least 1,500 unique species live there – they cannot be found anywhere else on the planet! The water in the lake is so clear that if you drop a coin, it can be clearly seen a hundred feet below the water.

B. People who live in the Baikal region believe that it’s a unique and mysterious place. According to them, the water from Baikal can cure different illnesses, gives you strength and clears your mind. They also say that the lake was formed millions of years ago when a huge, hot rock fell to earth. It melted the ice around and that was how Baikal appeared. The story about the meteorite has, however, never been proved by scientists.

C. The lake has also become famous for its unique fish and birds that are not found in other waters. The lake is home to more than 1000 animal species. Among them there are the world’s only freshwater seals. There’s no evidence of how the seals got to the lake but they obviously enjoy their lifethere. Huge brown bears often come to the lake out of the forest to hunt and fish

D. Though Baikal is located in a very remote place, and is difficult to reach in autumn and winter, it attracts thousands of visitors every year. A chance to see this unique place is worth the long journey! On the banks of Baikal you can stay in a modern, comfortable hotel, take part in hiking tours and enjoy the untouched natural beauty. People who visit Baikal once want to return to the place again and again.

E. However, the growing popularity of the lake and the industrial development of the region have caused ecological problems. The safety of this unique natural ecosystem has been discussed at an international level. Now Lake Baikal is on the list of heritage sites protected by UNESCO. A federal state law about the conservation of the lake was also supported in Russia.

F. The lake attracts not only tourists but also many wildlife researchers, biologists and even archaeologists. The world famous explorer and scientist, Jacques Cousteau, and his team spent lots of time studying the deep waters of Baikal. They also shot a film about their research that was broadcast by major TV channels all over the world. G. Everyone considers the Siberian climate very severe, which is perfectly true for the Baikal region. The winters there are really freezing: the average temperature is as low as 25 degrees Celsius. Due to its location in the middle of the continent, the place is characterised by a sharp contrast between winter and summer temperatures. The summers are generally cool, with a few hot days. The sun shines brightly above the lake till late autumn.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 32–39соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 –False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.

Elbrus

If someone asks you what the highest mountains in Europe are, your answer will probably be ‘the Alps’. However, the highest mountains are the Greater Caucasus. They are also unique in mineral resources, flora and fauna. This mountain range includes five peaks at over 5,000 meters above sea level.

The most famous one is majestic Elbrus. Like many other high mountains Elbrus is a volcano. Scientists have found some marks of its volcanic activity on the southern side of the mountain. Fortunately, Elbrus turned into a sleeping volcano long ago – it hasn’t been active for 2500 years. Researchers are not sure about the origin of the name of the highest European mountain. Some say that the name Elbrus means ‘high mountain’ in Persian. There is also a suggestion that the name has Georgian origin and means

‘icy storm’. Anyhow, the mystery of the mountain’s name is not solved yet. At the foot of the mountain there is snow and ice all the year round. In July, the warmest month, the temperatures are only about zero. In February it is really cold. It never rains in the Elbrus region but it often snows. Local residents

say that clouds at the top of the mountain are a sign of stormy and snowy weather.

In the 19th century, people made the first attempts to climb Elbrus. A group of Russian explorers went up the mountain in 1829. The aim of the expedition was to define the height of the mountain. But due to the stormy weather they couldn’t climb to the very top. Several later attempts to get there failed too. Only in 1913, explorers managed to measure Elbrus’ real height. It is 5642 meters above sea level.

Elbrus has a unique cable car system. It was built on the southern side of the mountain in the 20th century. The cable car system reaches a height of 3,658 metres. From there, most climbers take the Standard Route up the southern side to the peak. Climbing up Elbrus is not an easy task even for professional climbers. The Standard Route is challenging due to the snow, strong winds and height of the mountain.

Elbrus has been a popular resort since the 1930s. In winter it is good for skiers and in summer for hikers and climbers. A lot of hotels and restaurants were built to accept the thousands of tourists who visit the peak each year. To protect the unique flora and fauna of the region Prielbrusye National Park was

founded. The park is divided into three zones. One of the zones is strictly protected and is open only to scientists. The tourists who visit the other two zones should be very careful and observe the rules of the park

In 2008 Elbrus was called one of the seven wonders of Russia. The wonderful land of high snowy peaks surrounded by old forests, peaceful lakes and wild rivers has always inspired artists and poets. Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov, the famous Russian poets, devoted many wonderful poetic lines to Elbrus. Modern writers and poets glorify the amazing Elbrus views too.

1. The Alps are higher than the Greater Caucasus.

2. Scientists think Elbrus will become active again

3.Scientists argue about what the meaning of the mountain’s name is.

4.If there is cloud at the top of Elbrus, it signals heavy rain.

5.The real height of the mountain was only measured in the 20th century.

6.Tourists can get to the top of Elbrus by cable car.

7.There are places at Prielbrusye National Park which tourists cannot visit.

8. Every year a poetry festival takes place in the Elbrus region.

School was finally over and I was about to enjoy my holidays. I was going to stay with my Aunt Helen, who lived in California. I thought that visiting ____she______________ would be great fun, but I felt nervous and scared.

When my mum __drive________________ me to the airport, she noticed that something was wrong with me. “Are you all right?’ she asked. “You’re afraid of flying, aren’t you?” “I____not want______________ you to notice. Yes, I’m a bit scared. Sorry.”

“There ______be____________ nothing to be sorry about! It’s natural to feel nervous before your first flight. I wish I________can__________ go with you, but you know that I can’t.”

It was true. My mum was the _____busy_____________ woman in the world.

“I’m fine, Mum. Don’t worry.” I tried to sound calm. “I______call____________ you as soon as we land.”

The plane ______take____________ off smoothly. The pilot informed the passengers about the details of the flight. Then we_______offer___________ refreshing drinks. I had some orange juice and closed my eyes.

Judy was afraid of the dark. At night she always_________________ the lights on. LEAVE

Judy couldn’t explain what exactly she was afraid of. She________ in monsters or in ghosts. NOT/BELIEVE

She was one of those rare girls who never screamed when she saw spiders, ___ and frogs. MOUSE

But everyone in her family knew that a dark room was the__________________ of her fears. BAD

One day, when Judy __ something in her room, her mother came in holding a big shopping bag. DRAW

“Guess what I__________________,” she said to Judy. BUY

“I have no idea. Is it for__________________?” Judy felt very curious about the bag.

I Her mother pulled two packages from her shopping bag. In the first package there were some very nice slippers. They __________________ from soft, pink fabric and had bright flashing lights. Inside the second package were glow-in-the dark pyjamas! MAKE

Judy said she __________________ to try them on immediately. WANT

Amazingly, she felt safe all through the night. In a few days the lights stopped flashing but Judy realised she didn’t feel afraid of the dark any more.

Грамматические тесты с самопроверкой http://engblog.ru/test-intermediate-upper-intermediate http://grammar-tei.com/onlajn-test-na-opredelenie-urovnya-vladeniya-yazykom-intermediate-or-upper-intermediate/ http://grammar-tei.com/onlajn-test-na-opredelenie-urovnya-vladeniya-yazykom-upper-intermediate-or-advanced/

Онлайн тесты для самопроверки (ОГЭ) https://online-ege.ru/set/english-oge-2016/

задание на 8 мая:

Задание 36 № 1528

You are going to give a talk about your career plans. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes.

Remember to say

• what job you want to do in the future;

• what two subjects you think are the most important for your future job, and why;

• whether your family approve of your career choice or not.

You have to talk continuously.

задание на 13 .04.19

1. A change in people’s attitude

2. A problem still unsolved

3. A new state organisation

4. A governmental plan of action

5. No time to waste

6. An eco-friendly means of transport

7. A set of dangerous signs

8. A reason for global warming

A. Recycling is becoming easier and more widespread. Governments support companies that recycle waste. Also people prefer to buy things from companies that make their products from recycled materials. Reports say that people worldwide are starting to care more about what happens to waste products. For example, now Americans recycle almost 35% of their waste, while in the 1990s the percentage was much smaller.

B. In autumn 2004 a new governmental body was created in Russia to protect the country’s natural resources. It’s called the Federal Ecological Service. The aims of the new institution are the following: to prevent environmental pollution and to control industrial waste. They say that the new governmental service has improved the state system of environmental protection in Russia.

C. Climate change is on us. Ten years ago we only spoke about it, now it’s happening before our eyes. Global warming is bringing unpredictable changes. The Arctic sea ice is disappearing; glaciers are melting faster every year. Due to heavy rains some rivers overflow, while others dry out. Disasters such as tornadoes and floods are spreading. Strong hurricanes are becoming more common and more destructive.

D. People burn plenty of coal, oil and natural gas. As a result of this billions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) are released into the atmosphere every year. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps the sun's radiation within the atmosphere so the concentration of CO2 increases. As a result of this, temperatures in different parts of the planet rise.

E. They are designed to work using electric power, without gasoline. It means that they don’t pollute the atmosphere, cost less and reduce the need for oil. Such cars are reliable and have interesting designs. However, they have a few bad points. Many have a maximum speed limit of about 50 miles per hour. Most cities are not ready for the appearance of such cars on their roads.

F. Environmental organisations have been discussing ways of saving the rain forests for many years. However, we are still facing huge losses in the Amazon. People think that rainforests have already had enough attention. They have been discussed in the press for years. Unfortunately the rainforest is still in danger and can be destroyed completely.

G. Environmental problems are serious and we have to deal with them immediately. There may not be easy solutions but we simply can’t continue living as if everything is fine. These problems aren’t going to disappear by themselves. If we want to keep this planet a healthy place for our grandchildren, it’s time to do everything we can to stop the catastrophe.

Eton

Within a ten minute walk of Windsor Castle, across a bridge over the River Thames, there’s an old Gothic building. It is the legendary Eton College. It is one of England’s largest independent schools and one of the highest in prestige. Members of the British royal family are traditionally educated here. It was one of the best schools when first founded and remains so now; it is still commonly known as one of the greatest schools among all the schools in the world.

Following the old tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all students live and study at the school with their fellow students throughout the school year. Eton is also one of the four remaining boys’ schools, so there’s no opportunity for a girl to study there. Eton students traditionally come from England’s wealthiest and most prestigious families, many of them aristocratic. Boys enter Eton at about 13 and continue there until they are ready to enter university.

The school was founded by Henry VI in the fifteenth century to provide free education for poor pupils who would then go on to get a higher education at King’s College in Cambridge. That connection no longer exists today.

All students have a uniform of a black tailcoat and a waistcoat, a white collar and dark trousers. All students wear a white tie. This uniform is not for special occasions, it is worn at all times for all classes. If you visit Eton during term time, you will see students walking along the streets with books under their arms dressed in their uniforms.

At Eton, there are dozens of organisations known as ‘societies’, in many of which students come together to discuss a particular topic. The societies are traditionally governed by the boys themselves. Societies range from astronomy to Scottish dancing and stamp-collecting. Some of them are dedicated to music, some to arts, some to languages, and so on. Meetings are usually held after supper and often include a guest speaker. Among past guest speakers were composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, writer J. K. Rowling, designer Vivienne Westwood, and actor Ralph Fiennes.

One of the oldest and most influential Eton societies is called the Pop. Its members are like school head-boys or prefects who are given limited authority over other students. They are called Poppers and take an active part in many official events of the school year, including parents’ evenings. While all students wear black waistcoats, members of the Pop are allowed to wear any waistcoat they please. Prince William, when he was a Popper, wore a waistcoat designed like the British national flag. The style immediately became popular.

Irrespective of this, the official colour of the college is the so-called ‘Eton blue’. It’s a light blue-green colour which has been used since the early 19th century. The main purpose was to identify Eton sportsmen in rowing races and on the cricket field.

1.Nowadays Eton College is as popular as it was many years ago.

1) True 2) False 3 )Not stated

2.In our time girls are allowed to enter Eton College.

3.Eton College was established to educate the children from the wealthiest British families.

4.The Eton uniform is sold only in one shop on the territory of the college

5.Many famous people have taken part in the work of the student societies.

6.It is easy to identify Poppers in a crowd of students due to their clothes.

7.All members of the British royal family who studied in Eton were Poppers.

8.The official colour of Eton College is white.

Задание на 21.03.19

Cambridge University

Cambridge University is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world (after the University of Oxford) and the seventh-oldest in the world.

The story of Cambridge University begins in 1209 when several hundred students arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford. These students were all churchmen and had been studying in Oxford at that city's well-known schools. It was a hard life at Oxford for there was constant trouble, even fighting, between the citizens of the town and the students. Then one day a student accidentally killed a man of the town. The Mayor arrested three other students who were innocent and they were put to death. In protest, many students left Oxford, some of them went to Cambridge. And so the new University began.

It was Cambridge University. Of course, there were no Colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from anywhere and everywhere. Life in College was strict. Students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very rare and all the lessons were in the Latin language which students were supposed to speak even among themselves.

In 1440 King Henry VI founded King's College, and other colleges followed.

Nowadays there are more than 30 different colleges, including five for women students and several mixed colleges, in the University. The number of students in colleges is different: from 30 to 400 or 500.

The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography, medicine, economics, agriculture, music and many other subjects. After 3 years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor’s degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor.

There are many ancient traditions that are still observed at Cambridge. Students are required to wear gowns at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. One more tradition is to use Latin during public ceremonies of awarding degrees.

All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, university hostel, the use of libraries. The cost is high. It depends on college and university speciality. Very few students get grants.

Many great men studied at Cambridge, for example, Bacon (the philosopher), Milton and Byron (the poets), Cromwell (the soldier), Newton (the outstanding physicist), Darwin (who is famous for his theory of evolution) and Kapitsa (the famous Russian physicist).

Learning languages is becoming a popular hobby with children and adults. It’s not only interesting but very ______USE____, too. Foreign languages improve memory and develop _____IMAGINE____. People who are able to speak two or more languages ______FLUENT____ are usually more successful than their monolingual colleagues. They are better in making business and ____PERSON___ contacts. They are more _____CREATE______ and they are better in solving conflicts as they are able to accept new ideas and different points of view. Foreign languages make life more _____INTEREST_____ and colourful.

Kelly's family loved to watch football together. Sometimes they watched college games, but normally they watched ____PROFESSION_____ teams play. This evening was special. Two teams were playing in the final match of the ___CHAMPION____. Kelly's favourite team had actually got to the final this year, which ____RARE_____ happened. "They're going to win for sure! It will be ___FAIR_____ if they lose!" Kelly thought. Watching the football game needed the presence of the whole family and lots of tasty food. So Kelly's mum had made barbecue meatballs. Uncle Jolyon had brought a ____SPICE___ cheese sauce and chips. Aunt Katie brought some cakes. When the game started, everyone cheered. It seemed to Kelly that every ____PLAY_____ of her team was doing their best to win-win-win! And they did!

Задание на 20.03.19

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 10 $-$ 17 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 $-$ True), какие не соответствуют (2 $-$ False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 $-$ Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.

School uniform

A great fight still goes on. The question is: should students wear school uniform? As with most things, there are two sides to the debate. Some people say that all schools should introduce uniforms. Others are sure that school uniforms are old-fashioned. However, both arguments have experts on their side. There is no clear answer. Let's look at the pros and cons of it.

Many experts believe that students who wear school uniforms study much better than those who don’t. This is because you don't have to worry about what you are wearing each day. As a result, your attention improves and you learn to concentrate better on your studies. Wearing a uniform in calming colours makes you feel more serious and responsible.

They say if you wear a uniform then you won't behave in a violent or inappropriate way at school. A uniform is a rule and rules must be obeyed. Research showed that students in uniforms don't play as many tricks on their classmates, tease or bully them as much as their casually dressed mates.

Everyone wants to look their best and better than their classmates. Everybody wants to be popular and wear the latest fashions. However, not all students have enough money to buy stylish clothes. Uniforms make them all equal, social differences are not seen. No one wears expensive brands. Everyone wears the same thing, exactly the same brand. With a uniform, there is less competition in class.

School uniforms, however, are not always cheap for parents, especially if there are two or more children in a family and they all go to school. Parents can't buy any skirt or trousers they want. They can't shop in the sales either. What is more, many schools have several uniforms such as an everyday uniform, a formal uniform for special events and a uniform for P.E. classes.

Students in uniforms look the same. Uniforms don't give students individuality so they have to look for other opportunities to express themselves. For example, they might start using make-up early, behaving badly or wearing bright accessories as a reaction against it. It’s not the answer.

Finally, there's comfort. Lots of students complain that they feel uncomfortable when they wear uniforms in class. Some children have sensitive skin and like to wear 100% cotton clothes. Uniforms are often made from synthetics, such as polyester which is harmful for a child’s skin, especially if the child spends the whole day at school.

And we are back to the question: to wear or not to wear? You decide.

It was a hot summer day. Tom and his mum were heading to the beach. Tom was only wearing shorts and a pair of sandals on his ____FOOT___ but he felt hot anyway. When they came to the beach, they found out that the sea ____NOT/BE____ calm – powerful waves were breaking on the shore. Mum ____STOP____ in hesitation. “It’s fine. I can easily swim in these waves,” Tom wanted to demonstrate his swimming skills. But his mother said that they ____STAY____ out of the water till the sea calmed down. Sitting close to ____THEY___ was a boy about Tom’s age. He was alone because his parents ____LEAVE____ to buy some sandwiches. He came over and said his name was Gary. His shoulders ____COVER_____ with protective suntan lotion, but they looked red anyway. “It’s getting ____HOT_____ every minute,” said Gary. “How about a swim?”

“No way,” Tom’s mother was definitely against the idea and Tom had to obey. “As you like,” Gary said and headed to the water.

The _____THREE___ wave hit him hard and he lost his balance. Everything was happening very fast – Gary fell down and went under the water. Fortunately, Tom and his mother were close enough to get him out in time.

I’m not a child but I still like cartoons and animated films. ___RECENT____, I enrolled in an animation course in our university. The ____TEACH_____ of the course explained to us how animated films are made. Basically, animation is just a series of pictures with a character. Each picture is a little ____DIFFER_______. When you show the pictures really fast, it looks like they are moving. Some people say animation is not a serious thing. I strongly ___AGREE_____. Animated films may be ___FUN_____ but clever and useful to learn new skills. I believe they can be used in many spheres, and most importantly of all in ___EDUCATE_____.

НА 20.03.19

Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong played jazz, sang jazz and wrote jazz. He recorded hit songs for fifty years and his music is still heard today on television, radio and in movies.

Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, in the state of Louisiana on August 4^th, 1901. His father was a factory worker and left the family soon after Louis's birth. Young Louis was desperately poor. He lived with his sister, mother and grandmother in the poorest area of New Orleans known as ‘the Battlefield’ because of the fighting and shooting that often happened there.

When Louis was eleven years old, he was arrested for firing a gun into the air on New Year's Eve. He was sent to a reform school, where he learned to play the trumpet in the school's band. Eighteen months later Louis was back home and already dreaming of the life of a musician. He sold newspapers, unloaded boats and sold coal. However, in the evenings Louis played the trumpet with local groups or went to clubs to listen to jazz bands. He soon became friends with one of the greatest musicians of the time, Joe Oliver, who became young Louis's teacher. As Louis's skills developed, he began to perform professionally.

He was soon able to stop working on manual labour jobs and began concentrating full-time on music, playing at parties, dances, and at local cafés. He joined Joe Oliver's band and moved to Chicago. Later, Louis organised his own band and began to record one of the greatest series of songs in the history of jazz. Louis developed a unique style of singing: he could make his voice sound like a musical instrument and he could make an instrument sound like a singer's voice. Louis enjoyed singing improvised melodies and rhythms. Armstrong was an easy-going and communicative person. His fellow musicians called him ‘Satchelmouth’ because of his wide smile. Later, it was shortened to ‘Satchmo’.

Armstrong's biggest hits came later in his life. In 1964, his version of the song ‘Hello Dolly’ was a top hit around the world. It even replaced a top-selling hit by the hugely popular British group, the Beatles. Three years later, he appeared in the film version of ‘Hello Dolly’ with the singer Barbra Streisand. The song ‘What a Wonderful World’, recorded in 1968, was his final big hit.

Louis Armstrong never finished the fifth grade in school, yet he wrote two books about his life and many stories for magazines. He appeared in more than thirty movies. He composed many jazz pieces. He won several gold records and many other awards. Armstrong performed about three hundred concerts each year, travelling all over the world. He became known as the legend and symbol of jazz.

на 13.03.19

Задание 36 № 1516

You are going to give a talk about the Internet. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes.

Remember to say:

• why today’s teenagers use the Internet so much;

• how the Internet makes long-distance communication easier;

• what dangers teenagers can face when they use the Internet.

You have to talk continuously.

You are going to give a talk about the Internet. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes.

Remember to say:

• why using the Internet is so popular;

• how the Internet can help students in their studies;

• whether the Internet can be dangerous, and why.

на 7.03.19.

You have 30 minutes to do this task.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend, Jane.

…My parents ask me if I would be glad to get an e-book as a birthday present. I don’t know what to answer as I’ve never used it actually…

…What is the main advantage of an e-book, in your opinion? What kind of books do you like reading? How do you choose a book to read?…

Write her a letter and answer her 3 questions.

Write 100 $-$

120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

5.03.19.

Jamie Oliver

Jamie Oliver is a genius in the world of food and one of Britain's most famous cooks. He has encouraged people to spend more time in the kitchen and enjoy it. His programmes are shown in over 100 countries including the USA, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Japan and Iceland. They were translated into over 30 languages, Jamie Oliver's cookery books are bestsellers not only in the UK but across the world.

Jamie Oliver was born in 1975 in England. From an early age he got interested in food. His parents had a pub where he often helped them in the kitchen. He actually began working there at the age of eight. Jamie cut vegetables like any other ordinary worker in the pub.

Jamie Oliver left school at 16 without any official certificate. He went to Westminster College to study economics and after that travelled to France. Jamie knew that in France cooking was a kind of art. And he wanted to master that art. It was no doubt the best place to study if he wished to become a professional chef.

After returning from France, Jamie worked in a number of British restaurants. At that time there was a programme on the telly about the café where Jamie worked. TV producers were impressed by the young chef. The next day Jamie received calls from five different TV companies wishing to work with him. He soon became the best-liked celebrity chef on television and his programme was a real revolution in cooking shows. Thanks to an informal and friendly manner Jamie Oliver won crowds of fans around the world.

However, Jamie devotes his time not only to cooking. He's a family man, with a wife and four children. He also works on a number of projects. For example, Jamie Oliver created the “Fifteen Foundation”. Each year, fifteen young people are trained and taught to work in the restaurant business. It's interesting that they are not common people. They are from unhappy families, they are unemployed. Some of them were in prison or took drugs. In this way Jamie Oliver tries to help them start a new life.

Another project by Jamie Oliver was connected with school dinners and lunches. He wanted school children to begin eating healthy food instead of junk food. The British government supported the project. It spent extra 280 million pounds to improve school meals. Part of the money was spent on training cooks and buying modern cooking equipment for schools.

It's really hard to name all the TV programmes, shows, projects that Jamie Oliver had and is still having. He's so creative and imaginative, that there's no end to new ideas and projects. Except television, Jamie Oliver is a writer. His every book immediately becomes a bestseller. It's interesting that he became the best-selling author in the country after JK Rowling, the “Harry Potter” writer.

Jamie Oliver has made cooking popular in different countries.

True

False

Not stated

Jamie’s parents wanted their son to be a cook.

True

False

Not stated

Jamie went to France to continue studying economics.

True

False

Not stated

Jamie Oliver has become a well-known personality due to his TV show.

True

False

Not stated

Jamie’s wife was against his project �Fifteen Foundation�.

True

False

Not stated

Jamie’s project the “Fifteen Foundation” gives people a chance to improve.

True

False

Not stated

The British government ignored Jamie’s school meals project.

True

False

Not stated

Jamie Oliver is a talented and successful writer.

True

False

Not stated

1.It was a nice sunny day and mum decided to take us to the zoo. My younger sister, Wendy, was delighted. She enjoyed books and films about animals but she had never been to the zoo.
“How many animals live in the zoo? Can we give ____THEY___ some food? Are there any crocodiles? Who __TAKE_____ care of the lions?” my sister was very excited and asked a lot of questions. She kept talking all the time and ___NOT/MIND___ that nobody was answering her questions. When we __ARRIVE____ at the zoo, it was midday. There ___BE_____ a lot of people everywhere. The territory of the zoo was large, and the animals ___KEEP____ in large enclosures that imitated their natural environment. When we went up to the enclosure that had a family of Indian elephants, they ____HAVE________ their lunch. They were focused on their food and didn’t pay much attention to the visitors. “They are the __LARGE____ animals I’ve ever seen” said Wendy in an impressed voice. “I wish we ___CAN________ keep a baby elephant as a pet.”
Mum said nothing and we proceeded to the pool that had the seals and penguins.

2.What is the most eco-friendly transport? I believe it’s the bicycle. There are a lot of bicycles on the streets of our town and that is probably why it looks so green and ____BEAUTY___. There are cycle lanes all over the town so using your bike to get to school or to the office is safe and convenient. ___FORTUNATELY____, some people still prefer driving cars even for short distances. They make the environment less _____HEALTH_____. As for me, I enjoy riding my bike very much and all my friends say that I’m a good ____RIDE____. Next month I’m going to take part in a regional cycling _____COMPETE_____ and I hope to win it. I don't think I will stop riding my bicycle till I’m ____REAL____ old.

26.02.2019

You are going to give a talk about pets. You will have to start in 1.5 minutes and will speak for not more than 2 minutes.

Remember to say:

• why people keep pets;

• what pets are most popular in big cities;

• whether having pets is a big responsibility, and why.

You have to talk continuously.

4.01.19

задание на 6 февраля.

Задание 33 № 244

You have 30 minutes to do this task. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend, Ben.

…Sometimes I hate our school radio because they talk about things everyone knows. And news should be fresh! One day I will be a reporter and will show them how to produce really good news…

…How do you get to know what’s happening in the world? What are you going to be? Do you think English will be necessary for your future career, why?

Write him a letter and answer his 3 questions. Write 100–120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

Задание 35 условный диалог- расспрос № 1515 (travel club )https://en-oge.sdamgia.ru/test?filter=all&category_id=38

Fill in the missing words

.It was Friday evening. Liz was looking forward to Saturday because it was her husband’s birthday. She had been preparing for this event for a long time. She had invited ________THEY__________ college friends and they were all coming from different cities. The best part was that Carlos, her husband, _________NOT/KNOW_________ anything about the arrangements. It was going to be a surprise. Liz _________MAKE_________ sandwiches when Carlos came into the kitchen.

“Look, darling,” he said, “I know it’s my birthday tomorrow but I don’t want to do anything special for it.”

Liz thought, “I wish I _________CAN_________ cancel the party but I can’t – it’s too late. The party will take place anyway and it will be the _________GOOD_________ party ever”.

When Carlos came home on Saturday, there ________BE__________ lots of people there. Carlos _________TELL________ them that he felt very happy to see them all and it was true! The guests enjoyed the dinner and then Liz brought in a cake. The cake __________DECORATE________ with chocolates and jellies, and it had as many candles as the number of years Carlos had reached that day. Carlos couldn’t blow them out on the _________ONE_________ try and his friends were delighted to help him.

II.

It was an early morning. Ben jumped out of his bed as soon as the ______ONE_____ rays of sun came into the room. He grabbed his backpack and started to pack. Ben put in some of his favourite things to take with _____HE______ on the trip to Grandpa’s. He put in his favourite book, his kite and his teddy bear. Soon everything ______PACK_______ and he started to get dressed. Visiting Grandpa had always been the ______GOOD_______ part of his summer vacation. Together, they went fishing and watched football matches. Ben’s granddad ___TEACH____ him how to repair bikes and other things. Ben’s mum entered his room.

“Grandpa’s here,” she said with a smile. Ben told her that he ______BE_______ ready to go. He grabbed his backpack and ran into the kitchen where Grandpa ______DRINK______ his tea.

“Ready, big guy?” asked Grandpa. “Will you have breakfast before we leave?”

“No, I _____NOT/BE_____ hungry”, Ben answered, “I’ll have breakfast at your place. Grandma ______COOK______ something nice for me, hasn’t she?”

III.

Learning languages is important nowadays. It is interesting and ___USE____. Language skills help people to travel, study, and establish ___PROFESSION____ links with colleagues from other countries. Some people say that learning languages is easy but others strongly ___AGREE____. They say that learning languages takes a lot of time and they are not happy with their progress anyway. Meanwhile, there are some strategies that can make you a successful language _____LEARN____ and save your time. The first idea is watching films in the original. If the films are ____INTEREST____, learning is just fun, not hard work. Online and live ___COMMUNICATE____ with people in the language you are learning also helps a lot.

IV.

Задание 1. Внимательно прочитайте пары предложений и решите, в каком случае употребляется Present Perfect, а в каком – Past Perfect.

build

a) Look at this concert hall! They ... it recently.

b) They ... most of the cathedrals before others came to their land.

be married

a) By the time their first baby was born, my friends ... for 5 years already.

b) I ... never ... .

know

a) Last week I was introduced to George. I ... him before.

b) Michael is a cool guy. I ... him for ages.

work

a) When my father was promoted to a senior position, he ... at the factory for 20 years.

b) I ... with her since my first day in this company.

leave

a) Mary ... just ... the office.

b) By the time the bell rang, everyone ... already ... .

Задание 2. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильном времени – Present Perfect или Past Perfect.

Mary and John are such a lovely couple. I ... always ... them. (like)

My aunt is in poor health. She ... in hospital since Monday. (be)

Parents ... to their children before the party, so they behaved quite well. (talk)

I didn't introduce Katie and Ann to each other, they ... already ... before. (meet)

I am going to the library to return this book. I ... it already. (read)

Задание 3. Исправьте ошибки в употреблении времен. Правильные предложения отметьте словом "RIGHT".

This is not their first argument. They had argued before.

When I came back home, I realized that I had left my keys at work.

Your son has grown so much since last time I saw him.

I hadn't visited this place since last time I was there.

Yesterday when I knocked on their door, nobody opened it. They have gone out already.

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами А–G и заголовками 1–8. В ответ запишите цифры, в порядке, соответствующем буквам. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Residents of the North Pole

2. Born to live in cold weather

3. Life is getting harder

4. Sometimes they are similar to us

5. Hunting strategies

6. Home upbringing for bears

7. Changes in population

8. Good food is important

A. Polar bears started to evolve from brown bears about 5 million years ago. Unlike bears living on land, they are white in colour and their fur is very thick. It helps them to survive on sea ice and swim in cold waters. Polar bears are really big — adult males normally weigh from 350 to 550 kg. Females are smaller. The bears’ large paws distribute their weight when they move on thin ice, and their tails are short to conserve heat.

B. Polar bears occupy one of the planet's coldest environments, the Arctic. They prefer northern areas like Canada, Greenland, Alaska, Russia and Norway. Scientists have identified 19 populations of polar bears spread across four different regions of the Arctic. Although many children’s books show polar bears and penguins together, the two are found at different poles.

C. These Arctic giants have no natural enemies. Their diet is based on seals. Other sources of food for polar bears are Arctic plants, and also geese, bird eggs and fish. They can eat a wide range of foods but only marine mammals, like seals and beluga whales, are able to provide them with all the necessary proteins and vitamins to survive in the icy environment.

D. Bears catch seals from ice platforms. They usually wait for seals near their breathing holes — the openings in the ice the seals use to breathe. In autumn, seals cut out breathing holes in the ice and keep them through the winter and polar bears locate the holes with their powerful sense of smell. Polar bears can also attack seals sleeping on the ice.

E. Polar bears spend lots of time hunting seals on sea ice or from large drifting blocks of ice. However, due to global warming sea ice is melting. As a result, bears have to hunt in the water, which is less successful and very risky. Polar bears are good swimmers but they cannot swim long distances and often drown. They don’t have enough food to gain enough fat and their newborn cubs are weaker than they used to be.

F. Normally, a female bear builds a den (a tunnel in the ice with two rooms) where she gives birth to two cubs. They are born very small, only about half a kilo, but they grow quickly on their mother’s rich milk. For about two years, cubs depend totally on their mothers for food and for survival skills — the mothers teach them how to hunt and survive in the harsh realities of life.

G. Native people, who have lived side by side with polar bears for centuries, say that in many ways bears are like humans. When they are not busy hunting, they play, mock fight or chase each other. Their nose-to-nose greeting usually means some request, for example, a request for food. Some scientists claim they have watched polar bears sharing their food and even performing some eating rituals like greeting their host and saying thank you after a meal.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений 10–17 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 – True), какие не соответствуют (2 – False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.

Marathons

Many Americans enjoy running marathons – a forty-two kilometer race. More than three hundred marathons were held in the United States last year and that number is expected to grow.

The New York City marathon is held every year on the first Sunday of November. It is a big sporting event with thousands of participants. One can see celebrities and famous sportsmen among the marathon runners. A famous cyclist, whose excellent physical condition helped him complete the marathon in less than three hours, admitted that the race was ‘the hardest physical thing he had ever done’.

While the New York City marathon is the biggest, the Boston Marathon is the oldest one. Boston’s is held in April. Boston is famous for the fact that Roberta Gibb became the first woman to unofficially run that marathon in 1966. At that time, people did not believe women could run marathons. The Olympics did not hold a women’s marathon event until 1984 in Los Angeles, California.

Today’s marathons welcome everyone. The popularity of the sport has spread among people who are interested in health and fitness. Many middle-aged people like to spend a weekend visiting a new city and running a marathon there. Some magazines call the middle-aged people of today the ‘marathon generation’. Forty-three percent of marathon runners in the United States are 40 years old or older. There are many organisations for marathoners. Nowadays many local running clubs offer training programmes that can prepare runners for the big race.

A marathon really starts several months before the race. You need to run about five days every week to prepare. Most runs should be for half an hour. You should also try to run for an hour or more each Sunday. This is a very basic way for an average runner to prepare.

What you can’t prepare for is running in a big marathon with thousands of other participants. A marathon is in many ways a social event. There is a sense of community. The spectators are as much a part of the race as the runners. Almost every age group is present. At the start of the race there is a lot of shouting as the runners want to release some tension. They have three to five hours of hard running ahead of them.

However, there are people who want to run farther. For them ultra-marathons are organised that take running to a different level. An ultra-marathon is any race longer than a marathon. One of the oldest ultra-marathons is held annually in California, USA. It is 160 kilometers long. Last year, 210 people finished the race. The winner, Graham Cooper, finished in eighteen hours and seventeen minutes.

1.The well-trained athlete finds a marathon a difficult activity.

1)True 2) False 3) Not stated

2.Marathons in the USA are held in different seasons.

1)True 2) False 3) Not stated

4.In the 20th century doctors believed that marathons were harmful for women.

1)True 2) False 3) Not stated

4.People who are over forty are not allowed to take part in marathons.\

1)True 2) False3 ) Not stated

4.The best way to prepare for a marathon is to join a running club.

1)True 2) False3) Not stated

5 Training for a marathon includes special diets.

1)True 2) False 3) Not stated

6.At the start of a marathon the runners keep silent to save energy.

1)True 2) False 3 ) Not stated

7.A marathon with a large number of participants is called an ultra-marathon.

1)True 2) False 3) Not stated

27.11.18

25.11.18

Last year I started learning Russian. It’s a very difficult language but I’m trying my best. I’d like to come to Russia one day to practise it. …

Which season would you recommend for the trip? What places are worth seeing in Russia? What country would you like to visit, why?

Write her a letter and answer her 3 questions. Write 100–120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing
21.11.18

именами и фамилиями людей и кличками животных
1) Без артикля
Когда перед именем собственным стоит нарицательное существительное, обозначающее звание, или существительное, служащее принятой формой обращения	Professor Pavlov профессор Павлов General Ivanov генерал Иванов Comrade Petrov товарищ Петров Doctor Brown доктор Браун Mr. White мистер Уайт
Нарицательное существительное, служащее обращением	Good morning, captain! May I ask you a question, professor? Porter, take this trunk to the custom-house, please.
Названия членов семьи — father, mother, uncle и т. д., когда они употребляются членами той же семьи. В этом случае они пишутся с прописной буквы	I’ll ask Father about it. Я спрошу отца об этом.
2) С определенным артиклем the
Фамилии во множественном числе для обозначения членов одной и той же семьи	The Petrovs arrived from Leningrad yesterday. Петровы приехали вчера из Ленинграда. The Browns have left London. Брауны уехали из Лондона.
С индивидуализирующим определением, которое обычно выражено придаточным определительным, стоящим после фамилии или имени человека. В этом случае артикль можно перевести на русский язык местоимением тот, тот самый	It is the Smith who phoned yesterday. Это тот Смит, который звонил вчера.
Если перед существительным стоит слово, обозначающее профессию	the engineer Ivanov
3) С неопределенным артиклем a/an
Перед фамилией в единственном числе, чтобы показать, что это лицо является одним из членов именно этой семьи	For after all was he not a Simpson? Так в конце концов, разве же он не Симпсон?
С существительным, перед которым стоит описательное определение и которое является основным элементом предложения.	He was met by an angry Isabel, who wanted to know why he had come so late.
Перед именами и фамилиями в значении некий, некто, какой-то.То же самое правило применяется если перед фамилией стоит Mr, Mrsили Miss	A Mr. Fox called you. Вам звонил некий мистер Фокс. A Mr Parkins wants to see you. Некто мистер Паркинз желает Вас видеть.
При употреблении имени как нарицательного существительного для обозначения качества, которое с этим именем ассоциируется. В данном случае такое имя собственное становится исчисляемым существительным и артикль ставится по правилам, применяемым к исчисляемым существительным.	My wife is quite an Ophelia. Моя жена – совершенная Офелия. She felt like an Alice on Wonderland. Mozart was the Raphael of music.

задание на вторник 30,10.18

Billy got up very early with the first rays of sunlight. His room faced the sun at the beginning of the day. So, on clear summer mornings, it woke him up no matter how late he stayed up. He got up, made breakfast, watched TV and had a shower. All the rest of the family were still asleep.

Billy lived with his mother and older brother, who supported the family. Every morning when Billy’s brother got up for work, Billy went downstairs to make him a cup of tea and say, “Morning”. Billy’s brother usually looked gloomy and sleepy, with his hair untidy. He worked in a fish factory. They produced all kinds of canned fish that went to different cities and different countries. The business was going well and the money was good. Actually, Billy’s brother was lucky to have got a job in the factory. Jobs like his were scarce in a coastal village.

Like all boys of his age, Billy had to go to school because two months later he had exams. He promised his mother he would pass them and now had to spend half the day in the classroom. His grades left much to be desired and his teachers considered him an average and poorly motivated student. Indeed, he never felt happy about learning. Instead he would rather go to the library to read another book on artists and painting.

At school the boys were taught to draw straight lines and circles, but Billy was not very good at it. He had a special kind of talent: he could get the idea of a picture clearer than other students. He hoped to develop his drawing skills but didn’t want anybody to know about it. Even Billy’s mother knew nothing about her

son’s interest. Billy practised painting like the famous artists he had read about. He studied their techniques and tried to imitate them, spending hours in the attic of their old house.

Billy had happy memories of his father, who had disappeared five years before. He was a fisherman and one day their boat didn’t come back to the port. The neighbours kept saying there was no hope, but Billy still couldn’t believe that. There were lots of small islands in the region — why couldn’t his father have reached one of them? The islands were uninhabited but his father could cope with tough living conditions.

They never discussed it in the family, but Billy often recalled the days from his childhood when he and his father went shopping in town. Father bought him oils, paints and books about famous painters and kept asking Billy to paint him. Billy was nine at that time and said he couldn’t.

During the next five years, things changed. Father’s birthday was a special day for Billy. Every year, on his dad’s birthday, the boy drew a picture of him. Each year, it looked different. When Billy was twelve, he painted like Monet. At the age of thirteen he preferred the Italian style. He hoped that someday father would see the paintings and realize how much Billy loved him.

1.That morning Billy got up earlier than his mother.