Grammar Review
Propositions of Locftion and Direction
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 The topic is prepositions of location and direction. The list of prepositions is long, so this is meant to be a review and not an introduction.

Possble benifts and dangers.

"Ouch, That Hurts!"
Fear is probably the number-one reason many of us avoid taking risks. For athletes in extreme sports, conquering fear is part of the adventure of sport.

When a skateboarder is practicing tricks on a 15-foot ramp (commonly called a half-pipe), or a mountain biker is flying down a rock-strewn single track trail, and he makes a mistake and falls -- well, it's going to hurt a little. Okay, maybe a lot.

But the athletes I spoke to didn't complain about injuries; in fact, most have enjoyed relatively injury-free experiences in their sports. Brian Krause, a competitive skydiver for the U.S. Army's Golden Knights, has taken thousands of jumps out of airplanes without so much as a sprained ankle.

But Matt Donovan, a pro downhill mountain bike racer from Massachusetts, said that when he first got serious about racing, his season was "very injury-laden. I had two concussions, a separated shoulder, a broken hand, multiple cuts, and lacerations. And I cracked a rib."

Yes, extreme sports can often lead to extreme injuries. Boys get injured more often than girls, and inline skaters get injured the most. The most common injuries in alternative sports are broken bones, strains, sprains, serious bruising, and facial cuts. But studies show that nearly 75 percent of all people who get injured participating in extreme sports incurred their injuries because they wore NO protective gear at all!

Just make it completely clear to your kids that safety, not fashion, comes first when they're out doing their thing.

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Although / in spite of / despite

After although we use a subject + verb:

• Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
• I didn't get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications.

Compare the meaning of although and because:
• We went out although it was raining.
• We didn't go out because it was raining.

After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:
• In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

• I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.
• She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went to work.

• In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.

Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say 'in spite of, but despite (without 'of'):
• She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work, (not 'despite of this')

You can say 'in spite of the fact (that)...' and 'despite the fact (that)...':

I didn’t get the job in spite of the fact that I had all the necessary qualifications
I didn’t get the job despite the fact (that) I had all the necessary qualifications.

Compare in spite of and because of:

• We went out in spite of the rain, (or ...despite the rain.)

• We didn't go out because of the rain.

Compare although and in spite of / despite:

• Although the traffic was bad. I arrived on time. (not in spite of the traffic was bad)

In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time. (not in spite of the traffic was bad)

I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired (not despite I was tired)

I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired (not despite I was tired)

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.

1.Ben's so unpredictable. There's __________ what he might do next.

A  no idea B  no chance to know C  no knowing D  nothing like

2.The book was great. It was ____________ what I expected.

A  nothing at all B  nothing like C  never again D not true

3.It's a fabulous museum. It's ____________ visiting.

A  really worth B heaven for C  an idea for D suitably impressive

4.I was ____________________ that Andrew was the boss, not his secretary!

A  of a mind B  under the impression C of the opinion D under the circumstances

5.Two weeks on a beach in the sun. That's __________ a holiday.

A my way of B  my idea of C  for me D  what I expect on

6. don't think I can go with you today. I'm really __________ time at the moment.

A  demanding B  in need of C  pushed for D  hurried

7.You really should __________________ about the state of your flat. It's disgusting.

A  buy something now B  get something done C  have a thing D find what's

8.We took the ferry to France. Sally has _____________ flying. She just won't do it!

A  doubts about B  ideas about C  a difficulty with D  a thing about

9.It never __________ mind to ask if she needed help. I was sure she could manage.

A  imagined B  crossed my C  thought about D  occurred to my

10.Don't worry. I'll be back _______________ it.

A  before long B  before or after C  before you can say D  before you know